Introduction: Hypertension: Hypertension is defined as an increase in blood pressure (BP). Hypertension is a common cause in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Intradialytic hypertension (IDH): IDH is defined the BP values from pre to post dialysis session exceeding BP values during dialysis onset. An increase in systolic blood pressure >10mmHg is considered as IDH. Aim ·To study the intradialytic hypertension in patients undergoing hemodialysis in Kasturba hospital 沙巴体育. Objective: · To determine the prevalence of intradialytic hypertension in patients undergoing hemodialysis in Kasturba hospital 沙巴体育. Methodology: ·Study area: Kasturba Hospital 沙巴体育 · Study population: out patients undergoing hemodialysis · · · Study duration: 3 months Study design: prospective Inclusion criteria: ? End Stage Renal Disease patients ? Age above 21 year · Exclusion criteria: ? Acute Kidney Injury patients ? ICU patients ? Post transplant patients ? Catheter patients · Sample size: Corresponding Author: Arya M B, Assistant Professor, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. n=Z?1-a/2pq Level of significance a=0.005 (ep) ? Z1-a/2= 1.96, e(relative precision) = 0.10 Anticipated proportion, p= 0.7, q=1-p= 0.3 Sample size: 165 Result:·A study was conducted on 165 subjects who were undergoing hemodialysis. Out of 165 subjects 135 patients (81.8%) had intradialytic hypertension and 30 patients (18.2%) without intradialytic hypertension. A study was conducted on 165 patients who were undergoing hemodialysis. Out of 165 subjects 2 female patients (4.9%), male 28 (22.6%) without intradialytic hypertension and 39 (95.1%), 96 (77.4%) males. Conclusions: In this study the prevalence of IDH episodes was seen more in female patients (95.1%) than in male patients (77.4%) and out of 165 patients 135 patients had IDH and 30 patients without IDH Key Words: Intradialytic hypertension (IDH), Hemoglobin,·Hemodialysis, Hypertension, Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Abstract Muscle cramps are the common and distressing complication experiences by dialysis patients during hemodialysis. These muscle cramps can significantly impact patient’s quality of life and may lead to treatment interruptions and non-adherence. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the prevalence, risk factors, etiology, pathophysiology and management strategies related to muscle cramps during hemodialysis. Muscle cramps is one of the most prevalent complication and an important difficulty for patients. The frequency of muscle cramps is about 35-86% during hemodialysis. Excessive ultrafiltration, intradialytic hypotension, electrolyte-mineral disturbances, hypo-osmolality are the most frequent causes. Cramps are very common in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Muscle cramps can be treated by isotonic-hypertonic saline or hypertonic dextrose solutions. Muscle cramps can be prevented by correcting hypotension, sodium profiling, use of Vitamin E & C. Keywords: Muscle cramps, Hemodialysis, Chronic kidney disease, Dialysis.

ABSTRACT Diabetes is one of the most serious complications of both Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) or Insulin dependent diabetes disease mainly originates as an autoimmune disorder. Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) or insulin in-dependent diabetes is mainly associated with obesity and insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. Current guidelines recommend reducing the burden of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and its complications based on sex and sex differences in medicine. Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Present review outlines impact influence of sex and age along with other risk factors on progression of DKD. Keywords – Age, Chronic Kidney disease, Diabetes, End stage renal disease